If a fair dice is rolled successively, then the probability that 1 appears in an even numbered throw is
Step-by-step Solution:
This is a classic problem in geometric probability.
Let:
\( p = \frac{1}{6} \) be the probability of getting a 1 on any single throw.
\( q = \frac{5}{6} \) be the probability of not getting a 1.
We want the probability that the first 1 occurs on an even-numbered throw.
This means the first few throws fail (i.e., no 1), and then a 1 comes on 2nd, 4th, 6th, etc.
This gives us an infinite geometric series:
\[
P = \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \left( q^{2k-1} \cdot p \right)
= p \cdot q + p \cdot q^3 + p \cdot q^5 + \dots
\]
\[
P = p \cdot q \left(1 + q^2 + q^4 + \dots \right)
\]
This is a geometric series with first term \(1\), ratio \(q^2 = \left(\frac{5}{6}\right)^2 = \frac{25}{36}\), so:
\[
P = \frac{1}{6} \cdot \frac{5}{6} \cdot \left( \frac{1}{1 - \frac{25}{36}} \right)
= \frac{5}{36} \cdot \left( \frac{1}{\frac{11}{36}} \right)
= \frac{5}{36} \cdot \frac{36}{11}
= \frac{5}{11}
\]